![]() I approached the subject by researching both ancient and modern sources, using them to make my own interpretations and to cast new light on the subject. My last chapter investigates how the ephebeia prepared boys from manhood, and what their ideals of manhood were. I also explored how the ephebeia prepared boys for citizenship, how they worked together, and what their concept of polis and chora was, as well as looking at symbolic representations of citizenship. First, I studied the institution from a military viewpoint, looking at how the ephebes trained and how important polis defence was to them, all the while seeing how this changed over time. My title is: What was the main purpose of the ephebeia: to become a citizen, a rite of manhood or a preparation for warfare? To explore this question, I examined the institution of the ephebeia, principally the well-known Athenian ephebeia but also other Hellenic examples, with three aspects in mind and in chronological order. The premise of this study was to ascertain the exact purpose of the ephebeia, through three key aspects, spanning from its Classical roots in the 4th century BC, through the Hellenistic era and into the Imperial Roman period, eventually ending sometime in the 4th century AD. Greece, Hoplite, Phalanx, Shield, Footwork, Spacing, History, Military, Warfare As with any modern recreation, a certain amount of guesswork is involved the current effort, however, will have the advantage of providing firsthand observations that supply simple and rational explanations of practical phalanx mechanics as a means to shed light on preexisting sources. It is hoped that the current investigation will provide fresh insight into such details by combining a survey of existing sources with hands on experience, in this case by actually going out and arming a volunteer phalanx on a small scale to see what is both possible and practical. Passages penned by a number of period (or near period) authors that potentially shed light on such these points remain under debate to this day. The stance which individuals took and how far apart they stood from their compatriots, the position in which the held their weapons, could the second or third ranks engage the enemy and if the hoplite shield provided physical cover to the soldier on one's immediate left are details that have remained largely unexplored. ![]() Yet despite this, there is a relatively poor understanding of how a phalanx actually worked. Almost every conceivable detail of its organization, supply, evolution and social effects has been covered many times over. These shields traditionally belong to Archaic times, but it is not impossible that they survived later.Hoplite Phalanx Mechanics: Investigation of Footwork, Spacing and Shield Coverage Karl Randall (Kyungsung Universtiy) The Greek phalanx has been a subject of study for generations of both historians and military tacticians alike. These are so-called Boeotian type shields, more oval in shape and having two notches on the side. Some classic hoplite shields differ from this model. The shield, along with the spear, is the Greek equipment par excellence, so the loss of the shield is considered a terrible act of cowardice, condemnable in most Greek cities. Its effectiveness and resistance in the heart of melee is far superior to that of wicker shields, traditionally used by the Persians and Egyptians. Heavy about 6 kg, it is especially useful in group combat, where each soldier relies on those of his comrades to protect himself. This large shield (Diameter: approximately 97 cm) is particular to the Greeks and is one of the tools necessary for the phalanx. The shield is made of wood allows the hoplite to rest it on his left shoulder to relieve his arm, awaiting shock with the enemy. The shield is both an offensive and defensive weapon: it is used to ward off blows but also to push to break down enemy lines. In the back, it has leather and rope restraints. The shield is made of hand painted plywood. It is round and concave in shape and has a cuff (porpax) on its internal face, which allows it to be worn. Hand painted replica of the shield of ancient Greece, Spartan Hoplite, used by the hoplites of the city-states of ancient Greece.
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